Accounting Practice †Pa1 Essay

Question 1: a. 2 b. 2 c. 1 d. 2 e. 1 f. 2 g. 3 h. 3 i. 1 j. 2 k. 1 l. 3 m. 2 n. 2 o. 3 p. 4 q. 3 r. 1 s. 1 t. 2 u. 3 v. 4 w. 4 x. 1 y. 2 See more: The stages of consumer buying decision process essay Question 2 a. Potential tax issues related to the payment Erin received in August: 1) For Erin: âž ¢ Based on the information provided, Erin’s employment with CCC was terminated in July 2009 and Erin was informed on July 31, 2009. Thus  the payment Erin received in August is considered as pay in lieu of termination notice. Therefore, it is taxable income and should be reported as employment income in her tax return. But it seems that the amount of $9500 she received is net of tax amount (her total before tax salary for two moths is $12,000). She should contact CCC to get a T4 slip so that she will not be double taxed on $9500. 2) For CCC: âž ¢ Since the payment is related to pay in lieu of termination notice, the correct way that CCC should have done was to deduct income tax, CPP, EI and provided a T4 to Erin. And CCC should pay EHT on that payment too. But Worldwide actually paid the termination pay, CCC failed the responsibility of withholding the income tax, CPP and EI and paying EHT for that payment. No deductible expenses should be charged on CCC’s book. 3) For Worldwide: âž ¢ It seems that Worldwide withheld $2500 from Erin’s termination pay (total before tax salary $12000-net paid amount $9500), which might be charged under income tax payable and others deductions per USA tax act. From Worldwide’s perspective, the payment is deductible expenses. But in fact, since Erin is the employee of CCC, the payroll should be paid through CCC instead of Worldwide. In other word, income tax should be paid to Canada instead of USA. Erin mentioned that the payment was meant to be non taxable since it was somehow related to RRSP, which can not be applied to pay in lieu of termination notice. If the severance pay or retiring allowance were paid to Erin, the portion of payments may be transferred to an RRSP under certain conditions and the amount transferred to RRSP is tax free. But in this case, Erin has done maximum contribution on her RRSP. Beside, if Erin worked for CCC more than 5 years and CCC’s payroll is at least 2.5 million, or severed the employment of 50 or more employees in six months period, CCC is also responsible to pay severance pay to Erin, which is taxable and should be added to salary income. But CCC does not have to pay EHT for severance payment. b. Memoranda Date: xxxx, 2010 To: EHS audit manager From: Ryan O’ Leary, EHS Kitchener office Subject: New issues for audit plan at CCC Dear xxx, Contacted by a colleague from our Vancouver office, I am surprisingly aware of that several CCC’s employees have been terminated and termination payments have been paid from CCC’s parent company, Worldwide Connections Inc, which is a US company. The employees have been told that their termination was due to cash flow problems of CCC. Based on the above information and the fact that we didn’t notice any unusual things during our review of 20Ãâ€"9 T4s for CCC, I would like to draw your attention to how the information received might affect the audit plan and other concerns related to ethical issues. a) First of all, the control risk should be planned higher based on the following facts: âž ¢ CCC should be the one who pays the termination fee and issue T4s to terminated employees but they failed to do so. Instead, their USA parent company paid. It might because the management has no knowledge of this, which they supposed to have or because they intended to do so. Therefore, the integrity of the management seems to be a problem. âž ¢ Cash flow problems: several employees have been terminated due to cash flow problems and their USA parent company helped CCC to pay the  termination payment. It seems that it is the truth that CCC does have problems of cash flow. Beside these factors, examining the following financial ratios would help us to detect the cash flow concerns: i. Quick ratio: (current assets-inventory)/current liabilities: it gives a more rigorous assessment of CCC’s ability to pay its current liabilities. If a quick ratio is greater than 1.0, then CCC has sufficient cash to meet their short-term liabilities. But low or decreasing quick ratio would be a good sign of cash flow concern. ii. OCF ratio: cash flow from operation / current liabilities, this ratio would measure how well current liabilities are covered by the cash flow generated from CCC’s operations. If the ratio is less than 1, it is an indication of cash flow concern and the smaller the ratio is, the bigger the concern. iii. Short-term debt coverage ratio: operating cash flow/ short-term debt, this ratio would measure how well the short-term debts are covered by the operating cash flow. iv. The capital expenditure coverage ratio: operating cash flow/capital expenditure, this ratio compares a company’s outlays for its property, plant and equipment to operating cash flow. A positive difference between operating cash flow and capital expenditures defines free cash flow. Therefore, the smaller this ratio is, the less cash assets CCC has to work with. v. OCF/Sales ratio: this ratio, which is expressed as a percentage, compares a company’s operating cash flow to its net sales or revenues, which tells CCC’s ability to turn sales into cash. The greater the amount of operating cash flow, the better. There is no standard guideline for the operating cash flow/sales ratio, but obviously, the ability to generate consistent and/or improving percentage comparisons are positive qualities. It would be a concern to see CCC’s sales grow without a parallel growth in operating cash flow. Positive and negative changes in CCC’s terms of sale and/or the collection experience of its accounts receivable will show up in this indicator. b) The audit risk needs to be planned to a lower level based on the higher control risk. Therefore, the detection risk has to be lower to reach the acceptable level of audit risk, which means more samples and substantive procedures need to be performed especially on payroll cycle and balances and transactions related to cash flow. c) Potential ethical issues that might affect our audit plan: âž ¢ Integrity of CCC’s management: like I mentioned previously, it is reasonable doubt for CCC’s management’s integrity due to the fact that they failed to collect income tax and other deductions for the employees worked in Canada and had their USA parent company paid. The management either intended to do so to try to hide the cash flow problem or lack the knowledge of knowing their responsibility of collecting income tax and pay EHT when they make termination payment. Besides, when the time we did review of T4s, we were not told by the management the termination and payment from USA Company. Therefore, I would like to recommend to interview with the management first to understand what their intention was and interact with the higher level of management if necessary. If no correction can be agreed upon or no cooperation from the company, then involve CRA and audit committee. âž ¢ Due care /competence of our audit team: based on the fact that several employees have been terminated and nothing has been found unusual during our T4s review, it seems that due professional care and competence of our audit team is also questionable. I would like to recommend that not only use more experienced auditors, but also remind the team that perform the job with due dare to avoid unnecessary undetected misstatements. I look forward to discuss the details with you! Sincerely, Ryan Question 3 a. A Memo to Albert Desrosiers: Memoranda Date: Feb 18, 2007 To: Albert Desrosiers, Audit Manager, Morrison and Associates From: Wei Liu, CGA, Audit Manager, Morrison and Associates Subject: Assessment for financial position and audit at Prime Restaurant Suppliers Ltd (Prime) Dear Albert, Upon your request, I have analyzed Prime’s financial ratios and the balance sheet and reviewed the audit work done by Paul. I would like to discuss the following issues with you: i. After analyzed and evaluated Prime’s financial ratios and the balance sheet, the following are the problem areas that could impact the nature of the audit work required thus need our special attention: âž ¢ Inventory: it has increased significantly over the past two years, 27% in 20Ãâ€"6 and 35% in 20Ãâ€"5. And inventory turnover has dropped 0.6 from 3 in 20Ãâ€"5 to 2.4 in 20Ãâ€"6. It is an indication of either excessive inventories or ineffective buying or misstatements of valuation in inventory. Substantive procedures would be required to make sure the assertions of existence, valuation, ownership are fairly presented. Performing test counts of inventory should be done more cautiously. âž ¢ Accounts receivable: It increased 8.7% in 20Ãâ€"6 and 43% in 20Ãâ€"5. And receivables turnover has dropped 0.4 in 20Ãâ€"6 and dropped 0.6  comparing to industry average. Meanwhile, the average collection period has increased 16.8 days, which increased 21%. However, sales only increased 1.3% in 20Ãâ€"6. All of these indicated that the collection of accounts receivable is questionable and Prime’s credit policies might not be efficient or the allowance for bad debt is not adequate. Therefore, more positive confirmation of accounts receivable might be necessary to ensure the existence and valuation; review allowance for doubtful accounts to make sure whether it is adequate; review aged AR report; review credit and collection policies; perform cut-off procedures and so on. âž ¢ Sales: Even though sales have increased in 20Ãâ€"6 by 1.3% and 16% in 20Ãâ€"5, but net income dropped significantly by 47% in 20Ãâ€"6 and 0.3% in 20Ãâ€"5. And gross margin has dropped 4.5% in 20Ãâ€"6 and 8.9% lower than industry average. Net margin has dropped by 2% in 20Ãâ€"6. When interest expenses are lower than prior’s years due to lower bank loans and mortgage and term loans and other operating expenses has no signs of increase, the reason for higher sales but much lower net income (before tax) are focused to costs of goods sold. Again, we need to take extreme cautions to make sure that existences, valuation, ownership of inventory are fairly presented. On the other hand, more procedures need to be done to make sure the revenue recognition is reasonable. âž ¢ Cash flow/accounts payable-inventory: it has no balance recorded on the balance sheet for cash. Even though Prime’s current ratio is 1.19, but quick ratio is only 0.65. Even worse is that accounts receivable is not dependable due to potential collection problem or overstatement. Accounts payable-inventory has increased 37% in 20Ãâ€"6, plus other current liabilities, Prime is facing a serious cash flow problem. The significant increase in Accounts payable-inventory pointed out again the problem of inventory, either excessive inventory has been obtained or ineffective buying has been happening. Substantive procedures should be performed cautiously on accounts payable-inventory to make sure its valuation, existence. Positive bank confirmation should be obtained. âž ¢ Income tax payable/future income tax liabilities: income tax payable has decreased 81% in 20Ãâ€"6 but future income tax liabilities increased 4.7%. In total, it decreased 40% while net income decreased 47%. Examining the computation is necessary to make sure fair presentation of these two figures. ii. With respect to Paul’s recommendation regarding the audit report, I have the following different opinions: âž ¢ I don’t agree that Paul restricted subsequent evidence accumulation to Prime’s accounts receivable and inventory. From part I analysis of financial ratio and the balance sheet, we know that Prime has a high control risk in accounts receivable and inventory, therefore, we can not restrict subsequent evidence accumulation. Controversially, sufficient evidences need to be collected to allow the audit risk lower to an acceptable level. âž ¢ Paul concluded from what he could observe that internal control were present and appeared to be operating as intended. This is not correct. First of all, internal control has to be tested whether we rely on it or not. Secondly, Prime only did review engagement for prior years and never be audited. And an audited financial statement is needed for Prime’s loan approval process thus the management has the motive to manipulate the statements to get the loan. Plus concerns showed from their financial ratios and balance sheet, including high increased inventory, AR, AP, cash flow problems, all of these facts indicates that we are facing a client with high control risk and inherent risk. Internal controls have to be tested. âž ¢ Paul concluded that changing of LIFO accounting from FIFO has no big impact on income statement and balance sheet due to consistent inventory cost over the year. That is wrong. The inventory was increased significantly over two years, which means the cost of inventory in 20Ãâ€"5 could be very different comparing to 20Ãâ€"6. More importantly, if LIFO is allowed used in 20Ãâ€"6, a retroactive procedure need to be done for previous year’s financial statements. âž ¢ Paul instructed the other assistant to ensure that goods shipped in the last few days of the year were recorded in sales. The shipped goods to customers is not the only criteria that we can recognize the sales. We need to make sure other criteria also presented, such as the amount can be measured and collection is reasonable assured or an allowance of bad and doubtful accounts is properly set up. âž ¢ 10 confirmations for AR have been sent out. I am not quite sure what this number are based on. But if it is just a random number, no sample size and materiality was put into consideration, it is not appropriate number. âž ¢ Paul believed that testing was sufficient for him to issue unqualified audit opinion. Based on all above mentioned disagreement, this conclusion is certainly too early to make. More substantive procedures need to be done. Evidences collected so far is not enough to make conclusion. iii. Other issues: âž ¢ Without permission from Mrs.Ruenstein, who is the owner of GoodFood Manufacturing, Paul showed Marvin a copy of GoodFood’s financial statements and advised him about Mrs.Ruenstein’s plan to retire. This is violation of confidentiality policy. I think we should advise Paul and inform GoodFood as soon as possible and explains the situation. Even though it might benefit the both parties, we still need to prepare for GoodFood’s complain/lawsuit. I look forward to hear from you and discuss more in details. Sincerely, Wei Liu b. Prime should consider the acquisition of GoodFood mainly based on the following facts: âž ¢ They are in the same industry but focus on  different customers. By acquiring GoodFood, Prime can expand its business into larger restaurant market. âž ¢ Prime’s strong sales team has been successful in generating leads to attract new customers. Therefore, it meets Mrs.Ruenstein’s desire to invest additional effort to build up sales levels. âž ¢ GoodFood has plenty of excess capacity that can compensate Prime’s shortage of cash flow and other capacity. The concerns about financing the purchase: Prime might have difficulty to obtain a long term loan to finance its purchase based on its current financial position. Even though Prime has increased sales in 20Ãâ€"5 and 20Ãâ€"6, but net income has dropped 47% in 20Ãâ€"6. It has large and increased current liabilities but has no reliable cash flow to depend on. Inventory is excessive, and AR’s average collection period is dropped. Return on total equity has dropped to 6.7% from 13.6% due to big drops in net income. All financial information is negative and can not support its financing request. However, if Prime can conquer the storage constraints and change back to FIFO accounting, it might be a big difference. Its cost of goods sold would dropped and net income would be increased! Question 4: A Letter to Board of Directors: Wei Liu, CGA Xxx Audit and consulting Firm Board of Directors, Townsville Recreation Centre (TRC) Date: December xxx, 2009 Dear Board members, It is my great pleasure to be in the position of providing my opinions regarding the creation of TRC and upcoming transfer of the recreational  facilities from the municipality to TRC. The following you will find the discussions related to that and other issues requested by you, including the proposal for the social media site. âž ¢ Creation of TRC and transfer of the recreational facilities from the municipality: o As what we all understand, the purpose of creating another independent legal entity, TRC, is to getting better information for decision making; to offer a wider range of lessons and activities on a cost-effective basis. It is agreed that Townsville would transfer not only all existing properties of the recreational centre operations and any related debt, but also all employees of the recreational centre. Therefore, from the financial perspective, TRC will record all transferred properties at fair value, record all related debt for remaining balance per bank’s confirmation, including unpaid accrued interests. A deferred capital contribution would be used to reflect the funding from Townsville. As for all employees being assured that they would still be eligible for pensions as well as health and insurance coverage, the board need to make sure the details of the pension plans need to be discussed and prepared to accommodate old employees and new employees and make sure the pension policies and procedures as well as health and insurance coverage policies and procedures are in place. It is better off for TRC to consider only offering the defined contribution pension plans to employees instead of defined benefit plans since the first one is less cost and less burden on TRC. The cost to cover the pension plans and coverage should also be planned and budgeted. âž ¢ Accounting policies, format of the financial statements, and information necessary for decision making: o After transfer, TRC would be an independent non-for-profit legal entity. Therefore, all accounting policies need to be compliance with GAAP-general accepted accounting principles from CICA Handbook. PSA (Public sector accounting) Handbook will not be appropriate any more. TRC should determine and disclose which method is used for revenue recognition, either deferred method or the restricted fund method. The restricted fund method would be more suitable in  TRC’s situation since TRC receives subsidies for low-income individuals as restricted funding. Separate reporting on this restricted funding would be benefit for users, including Townsville to better understand the statements. And other significant accounting policies, such as accounting for capital assets and donated materials and services, use of estimates etc should be determined and disclosed. o As for the format of financial statements, according to the GAAP, normally it include: Statement of financial position; statement of operations; statement of changes in net assets; statement of cash flows. o Information necessary for decision making: the board should obtain information not only from financial perspective, such as summary on TRC’s financial position, implication of current economic, government’s budget plan; but also non financial performance reports, such as whether TRC would be actually offering more lessons and activities on a cost effective basis. âž ¢ Requirements of the information technology system: o Although it is costly to invest a new information system, but without it, it is much harder to produce useful and more reliable information to assist management operations effectively and efficiently. The new information system should not only record basic accounting information, but also produce information, like costs and revenues preparation between budgeted amount and actual amount; required funding reports; data for performance measurement etc. Also the board should ensure that policies and procedures for data integrity and security, IT supports, training for skilled personnel are all in place. âž ¢ Implications of the change in employment: o As part of transferring agreement, all current employees of the recreational centre will become employees of the TRC and they will be still eligible for pensions and health and insurance coverage. Therefore, all income tax, CPP and EI have been contributed will be considered as contributed under TRC. For those employees who are nearly retiring, they can  chose move their pension plan to TRC or leave it. And they can start to withdraw once their age reached to the defined age in the pension plan. âž ¢ Independent contractors and employees: o From the tax’s point of view, making a distinction between independent contractors and employees is very important since for independent contractors, they are responsible for reporting business income for their tax return. TRC has no responsibility to withhold income tax, CPP and EI for them and do not have to provide same benefits to contractors as employees have. TRC also do not pay EHT for amount paid to independent contractors but need to pay EHT for remuneration paid to employees. o The factors to consider for distinctions between independent contractors and employees: ââ€" ª Controls: Generally, in an employer-employee relationship, the employer controls, directly or indirectly, the way the work is to be done and the work methods used. But the contractors controls if he/she has the right to hire or fire, and decide where, when and how the work will be done. ââ€" ª Ownership of tools: if it is employer-employee relationship, the employer generally supplies the equipment and tools required by the employee; also employer covers the cost of repairs, insurance etc for using of tools. ââ€" ª Chance of profit/risk of loss: the employees are entitled to his or her full salary or wages regardless of the financial health of the business, the employer alone assumes the risk of loss. But for contractors, all risks are his/hers. ââ€" ª Integration or organization test: the tasks performed by employees form an integral part of the business but tasks performed by the independent contractor merely being accessory to the business. âž ¢ Revenues: TRC’s revenues include subsidies provided by the Townsville, membership fees, registration fees and rental fees. To maximum the revenues, I would like to recommend: o Subsidies from the Townsville: to be eligible to get the funding, TRC will have to provide complete listings of names, income levels, and subsidies provided. This information has previously been tracked through  Townsville’s accounting system. Therefore, TRC could use the same system and maintain the same reporting to ensure maximum subsidies funding. o For memberships are provided free of charge to families below a specific income level, the membership fees are actually covered by subsidies funding, revenue should be recognized even through the funding not yet received and fund receivable from Townsville could be set up. o Registration fees: under the municipality’s management, often the lesson was run at a loss due to under enrollment or a higher than anticipated number of subsidized registrants. Therefore, the board should enforce the management in TRC to implement a better budget system to budget the registration fees and number of enrolment. The board and the management should work on strategies of getting more people to sign the lessons and activities. Meanwhile, TRC should consider setting up a policy that maintains the right of cancellation of lessons/activities in the case of enrollment not covering the cost. o Rental fees: rental of the facilities is scheduled only around the times that the facilities are open to members and the general public, thus the rental income is limited due to time restraints. The board should consider a plan to expand available time for rental and fully use the facilities to maximum the rental income. âž ¢ Performance measures: o I understood that TRC would evaluate employees’ performance partly based on measures that are reflective of the mission statement objectives. Therefore, the board should be provided with performance reports that can help you to define the mission statement objectives have been met. The list below should be considered for performance measures: ââ€" ª The number of lessons/activities offered ââ€" ª The type of lessons/activities offered ââ€" ª The number of attendants for each type of lessons/activities ââ€" ª newly developed lessons/activities offered ââ€" ª Attendants for new lessons/activities ââ€" ª Number of individuals received subsidies ââ€" ª Type of lessons/activities offered to low-income families ââ€" ª Cost and revenue for each type of lessons/activities. âž ¢ Internal controls for Cash: o It seems that the internal controls for cash were not quite adequate due to the fact of theft of cash. To ensure this not continually happening in TRC, the board should make sure better internal control polices and procedures for cash management are in place, such as: segregation of duties for collecting and recording and bank reconciliations; more frequent cash deposit; proper authorizations, etc; the board should also make sure the implementation of the controls will be happening. âž ¢ Auditor for TRC: o According to Canadian auditing standard, we can not accept audit engagement if we provide non-assurance services, such as accounting and bookkeeping services; valuation services; internal audit service; financial information systems design or implementation services. Based on the fact that we are now providing the consulting services not relating to those, we will be able to provide audit service to you. As for the fees schedule, we need to follow a standard fee schedule. âž ¢ Proposal of the social media site: o The social media site provides many benefits for TRC to expand. While building up the site is necessary, many things need to be taken into consideration, especially when it is related to confidentiality and safety of information. It is not appropriate to publish the lists of all people being subsidized because it might violate the confidentiality policy; also to be able to keep the information collected safe, including client’s credit card number, the site has to be maintained under certain security to ensure data security. Besides, the board need to make sure whether there are skilled or enough personnel to maintain the site. More importantly, the board need to evaluate the overall costs to make sure that TRC does have the capacity to run this media site in a cost effective manner. If you need more clarification, please feel free to contact me. I would be happy to discuss more details with you. Sincerely, The end of assignment 8

Criminology and Francis T. Cullen Essay

In this paper I will be discussing the classical school and the positive school and their relations to these current provisions 462.37., 462.39.-462.41 and 810 of the Canadian Criminal Code. After briefly summarizing these provisions, I will explain which law best represents the principles of the classical or positive school. Section 462.37 relates to classical school because it is a violation of the social contract. It also displays the use of fair procedure, proportional punishment and deterrence. It focuses on the deterrence of crime in comparison to the positive school where their primary goal is to identify features that influence crime and crime prevention. Section 810. accurately represents the positive school because it focuses on how the state can prevent the criminal from doing the crime. Section 462.37 outlines the Forfeiture of Proceeds of Crime where if one person is convicted of using the proceeds of crime to purchase goods or property, the state has the authority to co nfiscate it.(Criminal Code, 1985). This law favors the principles of the classical school in terms of deterrence, fair procedure and a violation of the social contract. The social contract is an obligation where the sovereign has the duty to protect individuals living under their rule in return for the people to give up their individualistic powers and live accordingly. Using the proceeds of crime to purchase desired goods and property is a violation of the social contract, because the profits were accumulated through illegal criminal activity. Due to this committed offence, a proportional punishment must be applied on the delinquent. The purpose of having punishments is to deter the offender from repeating the same crime; specific deterrence. In order to have a lasting effect on the offender, punishments should be chosen so it inflicts fear on them and is equivalent to the harm done. (Beccaria. 1983). Deterrence is based on a person who seeks pleasure and avoids pain, hedonistic decisions are made using the rational calculator. (Bentham, 1789). However, deterrence isn’t justified through the severity of the  punishment, but through its certainty and proportionality. In section 462.37 of the criminal code the punishment is proportional to the harm done because the state is only disposing the goods and property that he/she purchased using the proceeds of crime. (Criminal Code, 1985). Everything else will remain intact, unless proven otherwise. In any case, the punishments in classical school should be mild enough to exceed the pleasure expected from a crime. Anything beyond proportional punishment is considered as sinister and completely useless. (Beccaria, 1983). â€Å"Crimes are more effectively prevented by the certainty.† (Beccaria, 1983) What Beccaria means is that rather than having only a handful of offenders caught and severely punished, society should catch more offenders and effectively punish them in order to protect society. In violation of this law, the convicted offender must be found guilty through a humane trial. If the offender if found guilty through the fair procedure of the court, then a punishment can be applied on the accused. In the accused’s defense a trial is held to balance the probabilities of this offender using the proceeds of crime. Once the judge has made the decision of guilty, then Her majesty can dispose of the property and goods purchased through the proceeds of crime and otherwise in accordance to the law. Moreover, this section of the criminal code has a more classical scholiast approach because it allows for deterrence of crime through fair procedure and proportional punishment all because of the violation of the social contract. This law doesn’t apply the principles of the positive school because it does not act at the â€Å"root causes† of why the offender did the crime in the first place. This law serves the purpose to deter crime and punishing the offender proportionally, whereas the positive focus more on determining the causes and influential factors crime. (Gabor, 2010). The Sureties to Keep the peace, section 810, exemplifies that if an individual feels unsafe because of another person that might harm them or anyone in close-relations to that person. The state has the right to convict this offender to a recognizance. The offender must keep the peace for a given time or else the state can dispose of their desirable goods; however, if peace has been kept, the offender is freed. (Criminal Code, 1985). This law follows the concepts of the positive school because the goal is to prevent crime in order to protect society from future  dangers using a scientific approach. It also includes some aspects of Lombroso’s theory of the born criminal, using biological determinism.(Lombroso, 1911). The state’s obligation is to protect society’s individual me mbers from harm. Their duty is to recognize harmful behavior and then take actions to prevent it using whatever is necessary. In this provision the government has taken the duty to protect this individual who fears an attack coming by securing the offenders desirable goods and telling them to keep the peace or else they will dispose of the objects. The purpose of recognizance is to prevent future dangers the criminal might create. There is no need to wait for the actual crime to occur, but to take action to prevent it through the security and warning given to the offender to keep the peace. As seen in the law, the offence has not yet been committed; therefore, the victim relies on other factors to prove on reasonable grounds that this offender will harm the individual. Lombroso’s theory of the â€Å"Born Criminal† shows that the criminals are biologically different from non-criminals thus they can be identified using physical features. (Lombroso, 1911). For example, one would feel more comfortable being followed by a clean, well-shaved, harmless looking man rather than an ape-like looking impr ovised, homeless man. People unconsciously judge criminality based on the physical features of others. Biological determinism is the idea that crime is not committed through rational choice, but through other factors that they have little or no self-control over such as biological traits and features. In the provision the state has the authority to send the offender to recognizance under reasonable grounds and a convincing argument by the victim. This argument may include judging a criminal based on Lombroso’s theory of born criminal and biological determinism. Moreover, the government also has the duty to identify the risk and future dangers that this offender might display. Balancing the probabilities that the offender will actually attack the victim is taken into consideration when deciding the extreme of the conditions and the time period the delinquent will go into recognizance. However, if the delinquent does not keep the peace in the given time, their punishment may range from a fine, to the disposal of secured goods. Knowing this, if a criminal has this unstoppable drive and passion for criminality, then something like a $5000 fine, will not stop them from doing so. In most restraining orders what ends  up happening is the victim is attacked or harmed anyways, because today people have an uncontrollable desire to commit crime. Criminals that have a compulsive desires for crimes act indifferently to the consequences because of biological influences or desperate situations.The law excludes the punishment of breaking a recognizance, but one can see that a positivist would use trial, not to determine the innocence or guilt of the offender but to ask the question, will they do this again? They would also want to know where the offender would attack, who and why? From a classical school perspective, only the guiltiness of the offender matters so they can apply proportional punishment. This provision doesn’t exemplify the classical school because it shows that offenders do not have control over their criminal behavior, thus making it irrational. This law is based on the priority to prevent crime and determine its causes rather than to deter cr ime and inflict punishments on the offender using a scientific approach. Moreover, section 462.37 displays concepts of the classical school because it is considered a violation of the social contract; the deal that society gives up their power in return for safety. This provision also shows that this act was done out of rational choice by weighing out the consequences and benefits before committing to an action. Fair procedure is used to defend the rights of the offender; however, the main purpose is identify the guiltiness of the delinquent. Fair procedure in this law is shown when the state balances the probabilities of the proceeds of crime actually being used on his/her acquired property and goods. After the offender has been proved or has pleaded guilty, a proportional punishment is applied on him/her. In this case, the proceeds earned through crime that the offender used to purchase goods and property will be confiscated, everything else will remain. Section 810. represents the positive school because it is an example of how the state would protect society. In this provision the crime has not happened yet, one is only worried and fears and attack. Biological determinism is used to identify who would pose a threat; this is based on physical features. This law also focuses on the risk and future dangers the offender might display. Securing valued items of the delinquent is a method used by the state to prevent a future danger from occurring and lessening the risks. In conclusion the classical school is more about the deterrence  of crime whereas the positive school focuses on the prevention of crime. Works Cited Beccaria, C. (1983). An Essay on Crimes and Punishments. Francis T. Cullen, Robert Agnew Pamela Wilcox (Eds.), Criminological Theory: Past to Present (pp. 27-29). New York: Oxford University Press. Bentham, J (1789). An Introduction to the Principle of Moral and Legislation. Joseph E. Jacoby (Ed.), Classics of Criminology (pp.105-109). Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. Gabor, T (2010). Basics of Criminology (1st Ed.). Ottawa: McGraw Hill Ryerson. Lombroso, C (1911). Criminal Man. Francis T. Cullen, Robert Agnew & Pamela Wilcox (Eds.), Criminological Theory: Past to Present (pp. 27-29). New York: Oxford University Press.

Articles of Partnership

ARTICLES OF PARTNERSHIP OF TONCLINTX PASTRY PRODUCT And T-SHIRT PRINTING SERVICES Know all men by these presents: That we, all of whom are citizens and residents of the Philippines and of legal age, do hereby voluntarily associate ourselves to form a general partnership in accordance with the laws of the Philippines, and we hereby certify: ARTICLE I That the name of our general partnership shall be TONCLINTX PASTRY PRODUCT and T-SHIRT PRINTING SERVICES. ARTICLE II That the principal place of our partnership shall be in Sta. Cruz Laguna, Philippines. ARTICLE III That our partnership shall exist for a period of three (3) months from the time of registration in the Dean’s Office of the College of Computer Studies. ARTICLE IV That the purpose of the partnership shall be the following: 1. To deal in the business of giving the service of T-shirt design and printing together with sales of pastry products. 2. To import such kind of service after complying with existing laws and regulations. 3. To enter into such other contracts or do such other acts as may be demanded by the needs of the business. ARTICLE V That the general partners of our partnership shall be the following: 1. Jhean Laurence SimanFilipino149 Sitio Huwaran Brgy. Pagsawitan Sta. Cruz Laguna 2. Kristine SumaguiFilipino098 Sitio Talon, Brgy. Sta. Clara Sur Pila Laguna 3. Nico Paolo CatalanFilipino6781 Sitio 4 Brgy. Oogong, Sta, Cruz, Laguna 4. Joy Clinton BabaanFilipinoBeverly Hills, St. Maceda Subd. Brgy. Pinagsanjan, Pagsanjan Laguna Hereby approved by: CANDELARIA SILVANIA FLORENCIA SUMAGUE YOLANDA CATALANN ______________ ______________________ __________________________________ Parent of Parent of Parent of Parent of Ear Anthony B. Silvania Kristine Sumagui Nico Paolo CatalanJoy Clinton Babaan

Ancient Greek Religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ancient Greek Religion - Research Paper Example Thesis statement: The ancient Greek religion is entirely different from other religions because the same does not represent monotheism, but is symbolic of the unique characteristics of the different branches of Greek culture (say, Greek mythology, Greek gods and theology). Ancient Greek religion and mythology One can see that ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology are interconnected. Besides, this connection is based upon a number of mythical tales on the relationship between the gods and human beings. Walter Burkert opined that â€Å"The most important evidence for Greek religion remains the literary evidence, especially as the Greeks founded such an eminently literary culture† (4). When one goes through Greek mythology, one can see that most of the Greek heroes (say, Hercules, Odysseus etc), sought help from the Greek gods. Unlike other religions, ancient Greek religion provides less importance to cosmogony. On the other side, ancient Greek religion is not a single relig ion based upon a single god or the designer of all the things that can be seen in the universe. Instead, the ancient Greek religion consists of a number religious beliefs generally know as a single religion. This unique characteristic of ancient Greek religion led to different viewpoints on the creation of the universe. On the other side, most of the stories related to Greek mythology provide ample importance to warfare and the involvement of the gods in the same. For instance, the Trojan War is an important theme in Greek mythology, in which the Greek gods did extend their help to the needy. Besides, Greek mythology can be considered as the backbone of Roman literature and the origin of epic poetry. So, one cannot ignore the importance of Greek mythology and its pivotal role in the evolution of ancient Greek religion. This proves that the existence of Greek mythology is deeply indebted to the Greek gods and ancient Greek religion. Ancient Greek religion and gods As a group of relig ious beliefs based upon polytheism, ancient Greek religion possessed a number of gods/goddesses. Bernard Evslin stated that â€Å"The Greeks accepted the idea that there were many gods and that they were very near† (113). Besides, Mount Olympus is symbolic of the dwelling place of most of the Greek gods/goddesses. Among the Greek gods/goddesses, Zeus was most important. Still, the ultimate power and influence over the other gods/goddesses can be considered as a hereditary status inherited by Zeus from his forefathers. So, one can easily identify that ancient Greek religion provided ample importance to their gods/goddesses. Besides, the ancient Greeks provided certain human characteristics to their gods. For instance, the ultimate power was not vested upon any god/goddess. Instead, Greek gods/goddesses possessed families and their individual power represents the hierarchy of power. The ancient Greeks were interested in religious ceremonies and ritualistic practices/festivals. Within this context, they made use of altars to prove their loyalty and respect towards their gods/goddesses. In addition, the devotees were allowed to believe in any god. The devotees used to worship their gods/goddesses by presenting valuable objects. Daniel Ogden stated that â€Å"Sacrifice was the central act of Greek religion, but unlike a vase or a statue dedicated to a deity, a sacrifice

Color and Light Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Color and Light - Research Paper Example On the other hand, black objects absorb all colors thereby reflecting no colors at all. This is the reason the eyes only see the black color. This is the main reason scientists consider black, not a color since it is a representation of no color. Therefore, the human eye can see the various colors due to the reflection caused by the lit objects. In other word, there would be no color if there were no light since it is through the light that objects can reflect color. Everything seems black at night due to the absence of light. Light is a term commonly used to refer to the visible spectrum. This spectrum is a range of wavelengths that form the part of electromagnetic spectrum. That visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from 380 nm to 750 nm. Each and every wavelength corresponds to a color of the spectrum. Notably, light rays contain colors. The electromagnetic light waves travel at tremendous speeds of about 186,000 miles per second. However, the different colors have different wavelengths .The longest wavelength any human eye can see is red while the shortest is violet. However, some animals such as bees and birds can see longer wavelength such as the ultraviolet light. Human eyes cannot see such light since they cannot feel the heat generated by such wavelengths. In inertia, color is carried by light, the electromagnetic waves but the color sensations are subject to many other influences that make the quantitative description complex to describe. Light wavelengths differ and therefore they result in the production of different colors (Riley, 76-100). For instance, X-rays have short wavelengths. On the contrary, these shorter wavelengths constitute vast amounts of energy. Light constitute visible light that moves in a more medium wavelength, a reason people can see the light. People tend to think of objects as containing

Benefits Of Efective Leadership in 21st Century Organisation Dissertation

Benefits Of Efective Leadership in 21st Century Organisation - Dissertation Example Directive behavior focuses on such tasks as monitoring, instructing, goal-setting and scheduling, while supportive behavior revolves around activities along the lines of encouraging employees and hearing them out on their concerns (Wart 2007). 46 Leadership The dictionary meaning of leadership is â€Å"the ability to lead† (Rost, 1993, p.41). â€Å"Everyone talks about it; few understand it. Most people want it; few achieve it† (Maxwell, 2005, p.1). This phrase may be true for some who have the desire to be a leader and thus when one tries to define this concept; he/she gets emotional and develops a definition that is more specific to his/her own though process. As a result, there are several definitions for leadership that reflect different views of the researchers. In this respect, James C. Georges from ParTraining Corporation has said, â€Å"What is leadership? Remove for a moment the moral issues behind it, and there is only one definition: Leadership is the abilit y to obtain followers† (Maxwell, 2005, p.1). However, this definition was opposed by others as they do not consider leadership mere the ability to get followers; for them it is the ability to achieve position. Such thinks correlate leadership with rank, position and title. According to them a person who has achieved a status in the organisation/society is a leader. In the real world such definition suffers with two major problems: a person who considers him/herself as a leader because of the status, he/she has to face frustration of some of the followers. Again, there may be people who do not enjoy high status and thus they don’t even try to develop leadership qualities in them. Edwin H. Friedman explained that â€Å"leadership can be thought of as a capacity to define oneself to others in a way that clarifies and expands a vision of the future† (Robinson & Rose, 2004, p.2). As per this definition, leadership is not a position; rather it is a role to be played by the leader. It should be regardless of one’s education, experience and position within the organisation. A leader should act like a facilitator and assist the followers to achieve the common goal. Different types of leadership There are several leaders who possess contradictory characteristic and leadership style. One such example can be Adolf Hitler and Mahatma Gandhi. Both of them had a very different leadership style but no doubt they both were successful leaders. Therefore, leadership can be of different type. On time to time, researchers proposed several theories and explained different types of leadership as per these theories. Before explaining different type of leadership style, it is essential to discuss theories of leadership. Some of the vital theories related to leadership have been discussed below. History of Leadership The history of leadership is years old; from early days human were interested to identify the factors that results in a famous and successful le ader. Out of this curiosity people conducted different research and identified some factors that can be easily noticeable

Motivation in the Work place Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Motivation in the Work place - Dissertation Example This further enhances the challenge that organizations face. With the aim to ascertain how motivation affects the performance of employees in the workplace, three objectives and several research questions were presented in Chapter I. Based on a quality study comprising of secondary data, all the study objectives have been achieved. The study finds that the primary motivation factors continue to be financial incentives regardless of age and sector. However, once the basic needs are satisfied, individuals differ across their needs and consequently, motivation and thereby performance. This is where managerial competence is required. The study also finds that managers themselves are either ill-equipped or not satisfied with the motivation they receive. Nevertheless, they try to apply the same motivation techniques with their subordinates, which they themselves aspire. These include autonomy, authority in decision making and transparency. The study also finds that linking financial incent ives to performance usually do not work and other reinforcing factors such as appreciation, recognition, challenging assignments and clarity of job role have a role to play in positively impacting employee performance. In addition, effective communication, involvement, higher expectations motivate and lead to higher performance. Training is also critical to motivation and consequently employee performance. Transformational leadership has been identified as critical to managing employee motivation. The study concludes that motivation would differ across sectors and industries; it would also differ across individuals and their level of maturity. Therefore, there cannot be predefined motivation tools and techniques. However, managers would need to evaluate individual needs, talent and what drives them to enhance their performance. The study finds a definite correlation between motivation and employee performance. However, financial incentives are superior to other forms of incentives i n the beginning of an individual’s career. It is therefore recommended that managers should focus on individual employee needs and motivation. Effective communication, transparency, employee involvement, sharing of information and honesty could help managers understand employee needs and implement the most suitable motivation technique. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background

Epistemology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Epistemology - Essay Example By being â€Å"in the head†, do we mean, for instance, that what we call the â€Å"mind† is actually just the brain and consequently that what we call â€Å"mental states† are nothing but the physical states of the brain? If this is the case, we should then in principle be able to tell a person’s thoughts simply by examining the physical states of his or her brain, but this is, if not utterly improbable, a possibility that in the immediate future is least likely to materialize. Or perhaps we mean that the mind is something other than the brain but in some special way is related to the brain, like that it is through the brain that the mind affects our behaviors. But what kind of entity is the mind, if at all it is an entity, if it is not the brain? There are two general kinds of existence under which any conception of how the mind exists can be classified; namely, physical existence and metaphysical existence. By â€Å"physical existence† we mean the kind of existence that lends itself to empirical observation and quantitative measurements while by â€Å"metaphysical existence,† we mean the kind of existence that does not. ... For my purpose, I shall focus on the materialist views of the mind, for it is here where we can differentiate the mind from the brain. As we shall see later, there are variations of this view, for there are different ways in which the mind can be said to exist physically. Thus, I shall examine the basic claims and arguments under the materialist view of the mind upon addressing the main issue of this paper, i.e. is the mind nothing but the brain? The Materialist View The materialist views are divided into non-realist physicalism and realist physicalism. The issue between these two types of materialism concerns the reality of mental states in relation to the reality of the physical states of the brain or of the body: whether there really are no mental states and hence there are only these physical states or there really are mental states in addition to these physical states. Accordingly, non-realist physicalism rejects the existence of mental states and claims that there exist only th e physical states of the brain or of the body; while realist physicalism affirms the reality of mental states in addition to the reality of the physical states of the brain. For non-realist physicalism, I shall examine the views of behaviorism and identity theory. And for realist physicalism, I shall examine the views of functionalism and computationalism. Afterwards, I shall present my own argument as to which among the said arguments best prove the nature of the mind’s existence. Behaviorism Behaviorism is generally regarded as the view that reduces mental states to the physical states of the body or, more precisely, to the body’s behaviors (Kim 1998, p. 24-46). This view is also often expressed as the view that claims that mental states are nothing but

Legal Case Briefs x 3 ( Terry v. Ohio, Katz v. United States, Essay

Legal Case Briefs x 3 ( Terry v. Ohio, Katz v. United States, Tennessee v Garner) - Essay Example The three men were incoherent in their response. That prompted the detective to accost Terry, turn him around and discovered a pistol which he was not able to seize at the moment. He then made the three men to enter the store hands raised, and then frisked Chilton and Kartz. The detective recovered a .38 calibre revolver from the pocket of Chilton’s overcoat on the outside. He did not search the outer clothing of Kartz because he did not suspect him to be armed when he lightly frisked him. The detective as a result of discovery of the weapons arrested the three and charged Terry and Chilton with carrying concealed weapons under Ohio laws and rules. Procedural history Trial court- passed verdict of guilty and convicted. Court of appeal – affirmed conviction. Supreme court- upheld affirmation of appellate court. Issue Admissibility of evidence obtained from suspects without warrants under the fourth amendment if the hunt was restrained /limited and reasonable grounds to s uspect danger depending on the prevailing circumstances before actual proof is obtained. Holding It was proper to stop and frisk the suspects if the police had reasonable grounds of suspicion and it was not contrary to the fourth amendment of unreasonable searches and seizures and that the rule was applicable both privately and in public places. Reasoning Brinegar v. United States 338 U.S. 160 (1949) In as much as probable cause standards are meant to guard citizens against unlawful interference by law enforcement officers, they are also meant to aid law enforcement. A balance has to be struck between allowing the officers too much discretion and what is reasonably practicable under the prevailing circumstances. Application Even though the law provides protection for individuals and guards privacy under the fourth amendment, it must be understood that circumstances arise where it is reasonably practicable to allow personal intrusion for effective law enforcement. The standards of pr obable cause must be regarded in determination of whether arrests without warrants are constitutional or not. Conclusion Activities by law enforcement officers that may seem to be a infringement of the Fourth Amendment in relation to searches and seizures depends on the prevailing circumstances under which the events occur and the reasonableness of actions taken by the law enforcement officers. In order to enhance community protection, law enforcement officers must be allowed certain powers but only which are necessary and not excessive. 2. CASE TITLE: Tennessee v Garner CITATION: 471 U.S.1 (1985) Facts Two Memphis police officers, Wright and Hymon responded to a call October 3, 1974 at a quarter to 11 pm. On arrival at the scene, a woman gestured at the next house and explained to them that she had heard the sound of breaking glass and that it was probably a house break in the neighbour’s house. Hymon positioned himself behind the house as Wright confirmed their presence at the scene to the dispatch scene by radio call. Hyman first heard the sound of a slamming door and saw the suspect fleeing across the backyard. The suspect made a stop at a 6-feet- tall chain link fence. Hyman by the aid of a flashlight could see the suspect and reasonably concluded that he was unarmed, about 17/18 years old and about 5’5’’ or 5’7’’ tall. Hyman called on him to stop but he proceeded to scale the fence.

Is the father really a good guy Essay Example for Free

Is the father really a good guy Essay McCarthy has given a masterpiece that has moved many people with the way he constructed the story of the Road where a father and a boy were engaged in a life changing tragedy. There were also bad things that happened during that time by which one could question if the father is really a good guy. Upon reading the story, I am overly moved that the father is not that good. He may have saved the life of his son that was close to danger. The father must do it since it was his responsibility as the parent of the boy to take care of him in any circumstances until the boy reaches the right age. I think on that part, being a responsible father to him is a good sign that he gives importance to his duties and obligations as a father. The father might have provided the son with the things he need, and I think the boy greatly appreciates the effort in the story. However in the other parts of the story, the father I think was indifferent with the issues that are widespread in their place. He may have something that makes him act that way. Nonetheless, as a citizen, he must show bits of concern with her own state. Read more:Â  My Father Goes to Court Essay He must have shown concern, if not participation for the movements that might have happened in the story. Being a human being calls for many things in life. One must learn and understand that life isn’t that grand. We can’t see all the things we wanted, and never will it happen that what we expect every other people’s interactions with us be that good, the way we would treat them. Seeing the differences and uniqueness of each one of us, I guess that there really are many things that have to be considered in order to look into something if it’s really good or bad. Life on earth is not a fantasy that we can only see the good things, however seeing the other things here, the bad things, unreasonable and strange things, we must evaluate, and I guess have to do something for the situation. In the story, there were inhumanities that are witnessed and I think, being a good citizen might apply by taking into action some virtues that we learn from our ancient thinkers. Like the saying that giving is always better than receiving presents, it is applicable with the kids the father has seen. Even if they are not his sons or daughter, it was still a humane decision if he will extend a little help to them. Also, it might teach his son some of the good manners a man must do in order to give his life a better meaning. It will give the boy some ideas on how to react with every situation that comes along. If the father will just be gentle to other kids, then he (the son) might also be gentle and helpful in his future life. The end of the story was a sad one. After all his attempts to give his son a good life, the father still died and left his boy with no one else to be with. No one would have taken care of the boy not until the time he was adopted by someone with a good heart. The example that the guy has set and has portrayed in the role was the good man, who in the past has been already following them. He showed concern with the father and the son, giving the son the chance not to be miserable in that situation. Being good in the real sense is relative to the people who evaluate others. I think, in this case, I judged the father as a good father but not a good citizen. In evaluating this, he is not good since he is only good in one side. When someone or something is evaluated, it must first fit with the given categories. And since he was not consistent with the preferences I have set in seeing if a guy is a good guy or not, then he is a bad guy, ignoring some of the important things that might also affect his son in the long run. The guy could have just given his son some insights about life that will help him evaluate his own and of course, give him the idea of what a good citizen is. Instead, the other man who adopted the son was better showing concern, and seeing earlier the danger of the father overprotecting his son with all of the elements of life. Works Cited Cormac McCarthy. The Road. 2007. 13 December 2007. http://books. guardian. co. uk/reviews/generalfiction/0,,1956973,00. html.

Conflict Analysis of Main Character in “The Clinic”

Conflict Analysis of Main Character in â€Å"The Clinic† Conflict Analysis of the Main Character in â€Å"The Clinic† Movie Synopsis Proposal CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Literature is intimate experience of an author carefully expressed in concrete images, through the use of structure, imaginative style and luxurious metaphors. It is not practical or logical communication, but an aesthetic experience. Literature can be divided into three parts. They are prose, poetry, and drama. Literary works is a life reflection of human living relating to conditions, interactions and conflict in the stories (Taylor, 1981, p. 5). Literary works contain aspects and elements that occur in the real life, such as: love, sufferance, struggle, happiness and sadness. In addition, literary works consists of several basic elements. They are plot, theme, character, point of view, and setting. The common parts of a plot are: the exposition or preliminary situation, the inciting or exciting force, or challenge, the rising action, or complication, the climax, or turning point, and the denouement, or resolution. Movie is a kind of literary work that explores that human imagination using imagery, adventure and experiences, in order to see life more interesting (Boggs, 1999, p. 3). In the movie there are a lot of character, the characters are important to make the movie run smoothly. 1.2 Identification of the study Thrillers movie is one of genres movie that offers mystery and suspense to the audience. â€Å"The clinic† is included as thriller movie. â€Å"The Clinic† movie talk about the struggles of the woman who is loss of their infants. Their struggles breeds many conflict, like that happened in Beth’s character when she struggle to find her infant. Conflict is the basic drama of the opposition experienced by characters as response to the dramatic emergence of these forces (the conflict could be quarrels between character with the idea or the environment)†. 1.3 Limitation of the study The analysis of this research is limited to internal and external conflict of the main character in â€Å"the clinic† movie. 1.4 Formulation of the study 1. what are conflict faced by the main character based on Lewis Coser theory? 2. how are the conflicts in â€Å"the clinic† movie ? 1.5 Objective of the study 1. To describes how Beth faces her own conflict. 2. To describe how are conflicts in â€Å"the clinic† movie 1.6 Significance of the study There are several significance of this research, there are: a. To increase the readers and me knowledge about literary work especially conflict. b. To improve the interest of the readers in understanding of movie. c. To increase the readers and the writer knowledge about character, main character and minor character in the movie. d. To help the next researcher or the students of English Department in understanding of conflict in the movie. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATE LITERATURE The description of Movie Movie is dramatized representation of reality and it is included in one of fiction. According to Griffith (2011, p. 20) â€Å"fiction to describe prose works that tell a story about events that never happened in real life† According to Bluestone (1956, p. 6) â€Å"films are originally a product of a genuine folk-art. At the very beginning of things we find the simple recording of movement, galloping horses, railroad trains, fire-engines, sporting events, street scenes†. Berry Keith Grant (in Virginia, 2002, p. 163-164) categories of genres as fellow: comedy film, crime film, disaster films, suspense or thrillers film, epic films, erotic films, film noirs, gangster films, horror films, melodramas, musical films, science fiction films, sports films, war films, and western films. 2.1 Character Character is very important element in literary works. The character can be human, or even animal. In a movie, the character usually dominated by human as the character. The personality of the character will lead the character to act such emotional, behavior, and all the logical things that deals with the problems which be faced by the character. The character according to Robert (1993:20): â€Å"characters are the person present in dramatics of narrative work, who are interpreted by reader as being endowed with the moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say in the dialogue and what they do in action.† 2.1.1 The main Character A major is main character that develops the plot of the story and always appears on the story. The major character has significance roles in the story. It means that major character occupies most part in plot or events that are occurred in a story. The main character is sometimes called a protagonist whose conflict with an antagonist may spark the story’s conflict. Beth and Cameron are the main character in â€Å"The clinic† movie. 2.1.2 The Minor Character The minor characters can be defined as the supporting characters of the major characters that their function is to illuminate the major characters. The appearance of minor characters is usually infrequently. The minor characters role are also seems not important as the role of the main characters, although the minor characters sometimes related to the major character directly. Veronica, ivy, Allison, Hank, Ms. Shepard, Duncan, etc are the minor characters in this movie. 2.2 Conflict The conflict of the human happened because human has a limited and restricted capacity to satisfy most of his need. When human endure the conflict, this can cause human to react and brings out the extremes of human energy, human may take action, decision, response, and interactions toward the conflict which they are facing. 2.2.1 The definition of conflict Conflict is necessary to every fiction works; there is usually one major conflict. Conflict is also the essential part to the plot, without conflict there will be no plot. The conflict usually becomes clear to the beginning of a story. Conflict is a struggle over values and claims to scarce status, power and resources in which the aims of the opponents are to neutralize, or eliminate their rivals. 2.2.2 Types of conflict Internal conflict is more commonly referred to as â€Å"man vs. self â€Å", as the name suggests, it deals with a character having to overcome and change something about his or her being that they are struggling against what they have in mind. External conflict is the struggle of the character against the force from outside. There are several kinds of the external conflict that the character might face. First, the character against another characters. Second, the character against the society, third, the characters against the nature force. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In order to gather and compose the data in this research, the library research is applied as the method of analysis in this research. The relevant data that found as the source of the data idea which support to the topic being discus in this research all are collected and then applied in finishing this research. 3.1 Technique of collecting data In making this research, the researcher went through various stages of collecting the data. First, the researcher went to the movie corner and found out this movie. Then, the researcher watched the movie. Having watched the movie, the researcher made the topic and outline of the study. After deciding the problem formulation, the researcher to analyze the courage which can be found in the character of Beth, and the researcher went to the library and browsed the internet to find more info. Technique of analyzing data The data analyzing applied when all the primary data from the movie is collected and selected, as the data from movie is in the dialogue, which concern about the classification of conflict found from the main characters that has been chosen to the most significant data, then the data will be interpreted and to be brought into this research as the subject matter of the analysis, that is the main characters conflict found from the movie. Next the analysis will be stated by explaining the conflict of the main characters based on the definition and the classification of the conflict as descriptions above which reflected in â€Å"The Clinic† movie. BIBLIOGRAPHY Deetz, Stanley. A and Sheryl. L. Stevenson. 1986. Managing interpersonal Communication. New York: chapter Row Publisher. Diyanni, Robert. 2001. Literature Reading, Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. McGraw Hill International Edition. Nurgiyantoro. Burhan. 2012. Teori Pengkajian Sastra. Gadjah Mada University Prees.

Internal Communication and Organizational Changes

Internal Communication and Organizational Changes Internal Communications and Organizational Changes Budi Santoso Introduction Institutional changes are unavoidable. It happens to any kinds of organizations; no matter how stiff the structure is (we can take military institution as a sample). One significant factor that holds important role in the process of change is communication. Change, however, requires communication supports, not only formal but also informal. When interaction and social doings among leaders and staffs within organizations has to be established according to the needs of change, communication about this is necessary (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001, p. 101). Therefore, internal communications holds a vital role to make a desired change successful. The basic idea of this is that internal communication’s role ranges from communicating to stimulating the process of change (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001, p. 100). In this paper, writer should focus on one of internal communications functions, namely, communicating the facts of the intended change to the inside stakeholders. The reason for this is that changes can possibly create a lack of clarity and uncertainty amongst inside stakeholders (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001), hence the need for information is relatively large. More importantly, to communicate the change to staff and employees is a significant initial phase within the whole process of change. Organizations, as stated by Vos and Schoemaker (2001), are basically based on collaboration (p. 81). All sections are interconnected, and by that, are interdependent. All parts are directed to involve in mutual cooperation to realize or achieve organizations’ goals which are usually manifested in their missions. The output of mutual cooperation among all segments is based on the quality of internal communication which takes place. Organizational structure cannot obviously be separated from internal communication as it, essentially, is resulted from communication process that happened continuously within an organization. Structures save us time and trouble, while they help us build on past experience (Cheney et al, 2004, p. 20). However, the climate of internal communication of an organization should actually be developed from symmetrical systems of communication. In this paper, I try to explain how the organizational structure regulates internal communication climate in organizations, as the way in which people communicate depends strongly on the nature of organization (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001), by giving reasonable arguments which I elaborated from several sources. Organizational Structure Cheney et al (2004) symbolized structure of organization as a skyscraper: a tall building with many rooms and main parts, such as pillars or roofs, which are used to hold the whole divisions to stand up. The main part of organizations, then, is the communication atmosphere which colors the works spirit of all manpower to give their ideas, energy and services for the sake of their organizations. Online business dictionary (2007) defined organizational structure as formal and informal Framework of policies and rules, within which an organization arranges its lines of authority and communications, and allocates rights and duties. Organizational structure shapes the manner and degree to which roles, power, and responsibilities are delegated, controlled, and coordinated, and how information flows between levels of management. Structure is aimed to give shape and direction to internal communication activities that take place, whether it is vertical or horizontal. On the other hand, type of structure determines coordination and cooperation process within organizations. Internal communication is vital if an organization is to function properly (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001). Internal communication climate and structure of organization Grunig, in his writing Systems of Internal Communication (1992), quoted Schneider (1985), wrote that the concept of communication climate came from organizational psychology. It refers to a psychological atmosphere in organization like warm, tolerant, and participative. The values of communication climate can cover some features such as consistency, credibility, trust, openness, accuracy and frequent communication. However, there are also negative senses such as intolerant, rigid or imbalanced communication atmosphere that could result in ineffectiveness in organizations. Effendy (1983, in Ruslan, 2007) internal communication which exists in organization can be categorized in three. First is vertical communication. This kind of communication is centered on two ways aspect. Downward and upward communications principally are manifestation of vertical communication. Nonetheless, in downward style, management stands the instruction, information, explanation, or delegation to person in charge in the units or their subordinates. In upward, subordinates give reports, suggestions, or even complaints to their direct managers. Second is horizontal communication. This sort of communication takes place amongst ordinary employees or staffs, or managers in the same level. Cross communication can also be come about in horizontal communication. Presently, structure of organizations has massively been developed. The most common and traditional type, bureaucracy where most decisions are centralized, has no longer been the one and only, even though some big business and governmental offices still use it. The terminologies such as boundaryless or virtual organizations have been popular amidst organizational scholars and adopted by many organizations. Some high-tech firms in Silicon Valley, USA, for instance, have been organizing themselves to implement a relatively flat structure (Cheney et al, 2004), where the decision making power is distributed and the divisions have varying degrees of autonomy. Flat structure is often used by organizations where their works are fundamentally about new ideas (Cheney et al, 2004). This happens as a result to cut off the stagnation in communication flows within the organizations and to drive a favorable work atmosphere. Vos and Schoemaker (2001) confirm this by saying that structure offers a framework for the processes occurring in organizations. The differentiation and specialization in organizations as described in units, or departments may probably be potential to induce unclear communication processes, particularly in big organizations or corporations who applies rigid bureaucratic model. Specialization, in other words, may mystify and exclude other departments’ staffs since each has its own language or jargon. Organizations with many divisions or levels will be likely to have more basic problems in their internal communication compared to organizations who adopt simple structure, if procedures and guidelines are not established in good order. This means that inconsistency in performing the guidelines, for instance, may emerge unclear job responsibilities and, in turn, can lead to significant communication problems. More divisions, levels or employees, of course, will cause extra managerial efforts to reach mutual relationships to get common sense in reaching organizations’ ends. Vos and Schoemaker described this condition by stating that communication problems about who is doing what can originate in problems of the structure (2001, p. 96). Simply saying, flat and fluid organizational structure may give leaders more chances to interact informally with their subordinates to get feedback or to give constructive motivation. Motivation, as one important factor to achieve work quality, can be improved by the way leaders communicate. Leaders may increase their credibility before the employees by, perhaps, showing them their trustworthiness, openness and appreciation. In some extent, these characters can raise employee’s motivation to improve their job performance as well as to experience job satisfaction. Writer tried not to say that flexible or simple structures are better than conventional ones, as they have their own strength and weakness. However, the type or size of organization which can be drawn up from its structure undeniably also affects the way internal communications carried out and determines the quantity and quality of it. Military institutions, for example, may not have fluid and informal structure since their philosophy is based on chain of commands and thus, centralized. If an army adopts fluid structure, it can even jeopardize its internal communication since there is a solid system in rank stratification. Communicating the Change Internal communications is required not only to let members of organization know about the change which is going to take place but also to keep the process of it running properly. Cheney, Christensen, Zorn, Ganesh (2004) stated that communication is the means by which change is implemented, as implementers negotiate plans, announce changes (p. 339). To communicate the facts about the desired change to inside stakeholders, in this case shareholders, staff and workforce calls for good strategies. Excellent internal communications plans and actions are needed to result in less-turbulent reaction of the insiders. It is a common thing that not everyone in organization becomes aware or even expects changes. And yet, as told by Cheney et al (2004), change is considered successful if it is accepted by key stakeholders rather than rejected; is compatible between the intended use of designer and the actual use of user; and give benefit to the organizations as well. The prominent key of announcing the intended change is based on how to handle the flows of information regarding the change itself. Vos and Schoemaker underlined that Information about change should be managed well and provided timely to prevent rumours (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001, p. 110). This entails the need that inside stakeholders would better receive the information from the management directly and at the first place, not from external parties such as media or their counterparts from other organizations. The facts should be communicated as clear and concise as possible to reduce uncertainty and anxiety among them. Furthermore, management should consider the possibility of messages may not be heard or be met with cynicism of the stakeholders. Mental noise may stop people from receiving messages. Practical ways to support the change It is crucial that management classifies and selects message delivery methods which suit the circumstances and the need of the receivers by conveying the information constantly and frequently as well as using selective channels that fit to types of target stakeholders. For instance, if the change is large-scale and will relatively give profound impact to most frontline employees, like downsizing or outsourcing, it is much better that the top executives not to directly communicate this to them. It will be more appropriate to delegate this task to frontline supervisors as frontline employees usually do not trust top executives (Cheney et al, 2004, p. 331). Frontline supervisors may have closer and more emotional relationship with frontline employees than those at middle or top management. Trust is usually built on intense, direct interaction. Basically, management can communicate the change through multiple channels, including speaking, writing, video, training, focus groups, bulletin boards, Intranets, and more. Again, it always depends on the kinds of changes. For example, management can apply internal media like bulletin boards or intranet as well to introduce a new design for corporate newsletter. Using generally accessible internal media to announce a small-scale change seems to be better than personal ones as this can save money and energy. This means that organization treats all stakeholders (staff and workforce) equally to give everyone fair notice of the change (Cheney et al, 2004, 332). Especially to shareholders, personal approach or media like individual calls or special meeting may be more effective as they own the organization and their claim on organizational resources is often considered superior to the claims of other inside stakeholders (Jones, 2004, p. 32). Persuading those who do not accept (opponents) or are still floating (potential promoters and hidden opponents) concerning the change is included in communicating stage. It is very possible that management will get resistance from shareholders, staff and employees who feel uneasy. They may think that the change will bring uncertainty to their future and may threaten their positions (some kinds of changes like downsizing or restructuring will, indeed, threaten some people). Basically, rejection and uncertainty could also be possible as a result of lack of information about the change itself. To cope with it, management can arrange a kind of meeting, for instance, small group gathering, and invite this group or its representatives to talk over about the change by giving clear and comprehensive understanding about it. On the other hand, in persuading the resistance, negotiation may appear to be a wise way to compromise with the existing interests. At this stage, the planner should stimu late the process of change by providing transparency. Communicating the change also includes facilitating the process of change by giving appropriate trainings or exercises to keep the change in line with the programmed procedures. Facilitating the change is directed to provide more information through education for the involved stakeholders to strengthen their knowledge and skills related to the change. In this stage, getting and providing regular feedback and updates will be useful. It is important for executives and managers to know what sorts of responds emerge, such as acceptance, commitment, and productivity (Cheney et al, 2004, p 330). Taking feedback is not a linear process which is conducted only at the end of the intended change. It is actually a circular process that covers the whole phase of the change. For instance, an input from employee about the new-adopted administration filing system may force a reconsideration of the original formulation. By getting feedback, management can measure the ongoing process and do improveme nts if needed. Conclusion As a summary, writer finds out that in order to achieve successful desired change, organization should be able to constitute applicable communication plan to announce the change to their inside stakeholders. Well-planned strategy mitigates chances that the change will be rejected by inside stakeholders. Proper action will ultimately increase the organisation’s ability to get and take feedback effectively. Writer also comes to a conclusion that structure of organization really affects the climate of internal communication. On my perspective, today’s organizations need to have more fluid and flexible structure in order to have clearer and transparent communication flows. But, I believe that organizational structure is not the only thing involved as there are some other significant factors like culture or economic reasons which also have to be taken into account. However, we should remember that based on the fact, 90 per cent of intended change were not suitable with the expectation (Becht, 2008). This implicates that actually the successful change is not merely determined by the methods it is communicated. The current internal communications climate in the organization may possibly affect the successful of the change. Bibliography Becht, Agaath. 2008. Presentation on Change management, presented on January, 17 2008. The Hague: The Hague University. Cheney, George. Christensen, LT. Zorn, JR, TE. Ganesh, Shiv. 2004. Organizational Communication in Age of Globalization: Issues, Reflection, Practices. Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc. Jones, Gareth R. 2004. Organizational Theory, Design, and Change (4th Edition). NJ: Prentice Hall Vos, Marieta. Schoemaker, Henny. 2001. Integrated Communication: Concern, Internal and Marketing Communication (2nd Edition). Utrecht: LEMMA Publishers Organizational Structure. (2008, January 10). BusinessDictionary.com, The free online business dictionary. Retrieved January 10, 2008, from Business Dictionary Website: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizational-structure.html *Dosen PNSDpk Kopertis II Palembang

A Critique of Arguments Against Taking Future Generations Into Account

A Critique of Arguments Against Taking Future Generations Into Account In doing the readings for this week, I noticed that there were few arguments in favor of ignoring concern for future generations. A large percentage of the authors seemed to feel that it is our moral responsibility to at least take the well being of future generations into account in our decision-making (Note: these authors also provided us with powerful arguments as to why we have a moral obligation to future generations). In trying to figure out why there were so few arguments on the other side of the issue, I realized that there simply aren't many ways to argue against our moral responsibility to future peoples. I would like to briefly address the weaknesses in arguments which suggest that we should not factor the well-being of future generations into our decision-making. I would then like to address the issue of whether providing for future peoples will result in problems for the present generation. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, I will discuss a weakness which I found in all of the articles, which is: in talking so much about future concerns,it can be easy to lose track of the immediacy of environmental concerns for generations who are already alive. The only real arguments which we read against concern for future peoples were found in the Heilbroner article. Heilbroner quotes two different economists, both of whom seem to raise the same question: why should I care how long the human species lives? One of the economists states that we cant necessarily say that generations who are yet unborn are any better off if they are born than if they are not (quoted in Pojman 277). The... ..., I critiqued the two economists quoted in Heilborns article. To return to them for a minute, both men seemed to miss the point which I just mentioned -- the environmental crisis is not simply a matter of whether or not humans survive. Instead, it is a matter of how we are able to live over the next couple of centuries (and possibly beyond). Will the world continue to be plagued by rising cancer rates? Will the air be adequate to breathe without developing illness or asthma? Will our children have forests to play in? The answer to these questions lies clearly in our hands and in our willingness to take responsibility for the consequences of our actions. Regardless of whether the consequences will occur in twenty minutes, three days or a year, we must be willing to face up to reality instead of always turning to look the other way.

Capital Punishment Must be Abolished :: The Case Against the Death Penalty

"Crimes against children are the most heinous crime. That, for me, would be a reason for capital punishment..." -- Clint Eastwood "I could not become an American citizen. I would not like to become a citizen of a country that has capital punishment." -- Werner Herzog In most of the industrialized world, capital punishment is not used to punish criminals. However, it is still used in the United States. The capital punishment debate in the United States has raged for almost four hundred years. Supporters of capital punishment often cite its roles as deterrent and retribution as reasons for their support of the death penalty. Opponents of capital punishment cite its arbitrariness and finality as reasons for their opposition against the death penalty. Because capital punishment can lead to an unequal application of justice, sometimes to the point of executing innocent persons, no amount of argument from its supporters should prevent it from being abolished. The Arguments of Those Who Favor Capital Punishment Supporters of capital punishment begin by arguing that capital punishment deters murder. This view has been held for thousands of years. In his book The Penalty of Death, Thorsten Sellin notes what the famous 18th century English law commentator William Blackstone wrote in his Commentaries on the Laws of England: As to the end or final cause of punishment, this is not by way of atonement...but as a prevention against future offenses of the same kind. This is effected three ways, either by the amendment of the offender...or by deterring others...or lastly by depriving the party injuring of the power to do future mischief. (Sellin 77) This sentiment was expressed by Socrates (in Gorgias) and by his antagonist Demosthenes some 2,000 years before Blackstone (Sellin 3-5). But what evidence is there to support the idea that the death penalty deters potential murderers better than any other form of punishment? Until Professor Isaac Ehrlich released his study on this subject, only anecdotal evidence existed, and that had been provided by people in the law enforcement, judicial, and corrections fields. By 1953, the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment in England noted: ...capital punishment has obviously failed as a deterrent when a murder is committed. We can number its failures. But we cannot number its successes. No one can ever know how many people have refrained from murder because of the fear of being hanged.

Sample: Summary Mini-Lesson

Dr. R: Let’s talk about summary. Based on the APA homework and the diagnostic rough drafts, it's pretty clear some folks are still having difficulties discerning between summary and paraphrase. The distinction between these two is incredibly important to grasp, as your summary in your Essay 1 must be clear and concise. Note that you should be able to summarize the main argument claims of your chosen article in a single paragraph. OK, so what is a summary?When we talk about summaries, we are usually talking about the summary of the main ideas of an entire work (although, if we’re focusing on a specific chapter or article in a larger work, we’d then be summarizing that one major component. For instance, most of us are summarizing individual articles, not the entire issue of a magazine or journal). Summary is used to â€Å"state the major ideas of an entire source or part of a source [see above] in your own words† (Faigley, 2010, p. 20). Note that the summari es are significantly shorter than the source.Most academic guides recommend that a summary be no longer than ? the length of the original source. In other words, if you have a four page article and your summary is two pages long, that’s not an effective summary. Faigley even mentions that summaries are often â€Å"a paragraph or perhaps even a sentence† (emphasis mine] (2010, p. 631). Note the key ideas in the section above—summaries are short and they are in your own words. They only focus on the â€Å"main points, not most of the examples or supporting materials† (Faigley, 2010, p. 20).To put this in layman’s terms for you as you check your summary work, note that this means that words like â€Å"uses examples† or â€Å"uses statistics† or â€Å"Smith discusses a man in Ireland who† are not summary appropriate—those are areas where you are actually paraphrasing supporting data/details, not summarizing the authorâ€℠¢s main ideas. How are paraphrase and summary different? First, we tend to paraphrase specific examples or sentences. A paraphrase of a statement is often used to help clarify the ideas in that one statement, rather than to give an overview of an entire work.We most often use paraphrase after we’ve quoted a work—you use that paraphrasing to help situate and show connection between the quoted material and your own ideas, for instance. As Faigley notes, â€Å"[w]hen you paraphrase, you represent the idea of the source in your own words at about the same length as the original† (emphasis mine] (Faigley, 2010, p. 631). Note that the main distinctions between summary and paraphrase are the length and the purpose of the tasks. Paraphrase is all about explaining a specific single idea at about the same length while summary is an overview of the entire piece that is much shorter.What are some strategies for effective summary? One tip is to look at the overall document. Are there headings in the source? If so, those headings should directly relate to the main ideas—they are like little summary bullet points for the article, which means the author did some of the work for you! If there are not clearly marked sections of the source (which there often are not), you’re going to have to create some notes to work from. Read the article from start to finish, just reading. Then, on a second reading, read one paragraph at a time.Once you read the paragraph over, write in the margins what the main point of that paragraph is. ( A print out of the article is great for this, but if you are paperless, you can copy the article into Word and type in your paragraph notes in a different color font or use the insert comment feature to annotate the source). Once you have created that list of notes—one phrase or sentence per paragraph—you can then take those and read through them. What main ideas are repeated that you can group together? Wha t paragraphs seem to just list supporting examples and should be therefore excluded from your summary?Use those notes to actually develop a single paragraph of summary—your summary should have no more sentences in it than the source has paragraphs (and in most cases, should have fewer). Common Summary Errors 1. Including supporting details or discussing data and examples from the source. 2. Adding evaluation or commentary to the summary from your own point of view. 3. Writing the summary by focusing on retelling the entire source—this is paraphrasing and can often be identified by the keywords in the long section that include things like â€Å"he begins† and â€Å"he goes on to discuss† and† having covered X, he moves on to Y. Those are phrases that indicate you’re including minor details an retelling everything, not summarizing. 4. Including quotations. 5. Incorporating additional sources (other than the thing you are summarizing). 6. Lackin g signal phrasing that indicates key points. Your summary should set up the thesis/position of what is being summarized and follow with the main ideas or claims. Using signal phrasing like â€Å"Smith’s main argument is† and â€Å"one reason Smith argues X is† will help you make smoother transitions and remind the reader you are summarizing the main points only. Resources Columbia University School of Social Work (n. . ). Writing summaries. Writing Center Handouts. Retrieved from http://www. columbia. edu/cu/ssw/write/handouts/summary. html Faigley, L. (2010). Writing: A guide for college and beyond. New York: Longman. Student Development Centre (2009). Writing resources: Summary Writing. The University of Western Ontario. Retrieved from http://www. sdc. uwo. ca/writing/index. html? handouts [direct link: www. sdc. uwo. ca/writing/handouts/Summary%20Writing. pdf ] The Write Place (1997). Process for writing a summary. LEO: Literacy Education Online. Retrieved fr om http://leo. stcloudstate. edu/acadwrite/summary. html

Reviews Related To Perineal Hygiene Health And Social Care Essay

The undertaking of reexamining the literature involves the designation, choice, critical analysis and coverage of bing information on subject of involvement. Hence the research worker intended to reexamine the literature available on self attention patterns utilizing both research and non-research stuffs. Singh C ; et Al ( 2010 ) conducted a survey to place the factors associated with enteric parasitosis in rural and urban school kids from 5-14 old ages of age in Kashmir. Personal hygiene was assessed by length of nails, hair, and frequence of bathing. Out of 274 stool samples from rural and 240 samples from urban 214 ( 46.7 % ) pupils had parasitosis. There was higher prevalence of parasitosis among rural orphanhood kids compared to urban orphanhood pupils ( 76 % Vs 48 % P & lt ; or =0.05 ) .highest prevalence of 70 % was seen in the age group of 8-11 old ages 202 pupils were found to hold hapless personal hygiene and parasitosis was higher in them compared to pupils with good personal hygiene ( p & lt ; 0.05 ) . Mpyel C ; et Al ( 2010 ) conducted a survey to find the personal hazard factor associated with trachoma in pre-school kids in Nigeria. Out of 639 kids from 27 small towns were examined. The prevalence of active trachoma was 35.7 % . The presence of flies on the face is independent hazard factor for trachoma. Education on personal hygiene needed to be emphasized with facial cleanliness. Dambhare DG ; et Al ( 2010 ) conducted a cross sectional survey to find prevalence of enteric parasitic infections and its epidemiological correlatives among rural Indian school traveling kids and to happen out the consequence of hygiene instruction on personal hygiene of school kids at Maharashtra, cardinal India. Out of 172 pupils prevalence of enteric parasite infection was 7.76 % . Prevalence was high among those holding hapless manus rinsing pattern ( CI-1.30 ) dirty or uncut nails ( CI0.56 ) . One month after hygiene instruction, there was important alteration in the cardinal personal hygiene behaviour ( p & lt ; 0.05 ) .The proportion of kids holding pattern of manus rinsing with soap after laxation significantly improved. Health instruction on personal hygiene to the school kids was effectual for behavior alteration. Biran A ( 2009 ) conducted a survey to look into the effectivity of hygiene publicity intercession in rural India based on germ consciousness in increasing manus rinsing with soap on cardinal occasions. Hand rinsing was assessed through structured observation on a randomised sample of 30 family per small town. The intercession proved scalable and effectual in raising hygiene consciousness.SECTION-B: REVIEWS RELATED TO HAIR WASH.Sims ; et al. , ( 2011 ) conducted a survey to look into socio economic and personal factors act uponing caput louse infestation from 17 primary school, in Korea. The rate of caput louse infestation was significantly lower in kids who lived together with female parent or in a household. Head louse infestation was higher in kids who washed their caput less frequently.Improvement of socio economic factors and personal hygiene will be helpful for cut downing caput louse infestation. Al-Maktari MT ( 2008 ) conducted a survey to measure the prevalence and human hazard factors associated with caput lice infestation among school kids in Yemen. Out of 860 kids between 6-14 old ages of age 114 kids ( 13.3 % ) were infested with caput lice. Highest infestation was recorded in rural countries ( 20.5 % ) consequences indicated that rural abode, sex, long hair, age group 6-8 old ages, sharing of beds combs, uneducated household, overcrowding were risk factors for the caput lice infestation. Aselik oz ( 2006 ) conducted a survey to look into prevalence of lousiness in the state side of Turkey. The presence of lousiness species was investigated in 178 pupils with an age scope of 6-14 old ages. Head lice seen in 17 positive instances were in the first class. Since personal hygiene is non good developed in this age group.SECTION-C: REVIEWS RELATED TO BRUSHINGKilpatrick NM ( 2012 ) conducted a longitudinal survey of Australian kids to research association between unwritten wellness and four indexs of societal disadvantages: socio economic place ( SEP ) , residential farness, autochthonal position, non-English speech production background. Consequences revealed that lower SEP and autochthonal position were associated with higher odds of hapless unwritten wellness, less accessible location associated with increased cavities experiences and non usage of dental services. Martgnon ; et Al ( 2012 ) conducted a survey to measure unwritten hygiene cognition, attitude and patterns of school kids utilizing picture recorded session and questionnaire at school in Columbia. Out of 146 kids average entire tooth brushing clip was 115 sec. Most kids brushed their maxillary ( 97 % ) , inframaxillary ( 95 % ) , anterior ( 96 % ) and posterior ( 81 % ) .72 % rinsed their teeth.92 % were confident that tooth brushing Sessionss were effectual. Questionnaire revealed merely 34 % is supervised by an grownup and merely 30 % brushed twice a twenty-four hours. Molina ; et Al ( 2012 ) conducted a cross sectional survey of 111 kids go toing simple school in Mexico to measure prevalence of flourosis and dental cavities utilizing methods recommended by WHO. Results revealed flurosis prevalence 52.73 % , cavities prevalence 53.2 % . Dental cavities was associated with frequence of brushing, brushing before kiping and application of fluoride. Yekaninejad MS ( 2012 ) conducted a survey to find the consequence of a school based unwritten wellness instruction plan on Persian children.392 school kids in 6 schools participated. Schools were indiscriminately allocated into 3 groups: comprehensive, pupil and control group. Intervention in comprehensive group consisted of encouraging kids, parents and school staff to increase frequence of brushing and flossing. In the pupil group intercession targeted merely kids. Control group received no intercession. Results revealed alteration in unwritten wellness behaviour, unwritten hygiene and alteration in periodontic indices. Brushing and flossing significantly improved in comprehensive group. Promising consequences were seen when instruction marks both school and place scene. Hietasalo P ( 2005 ) conducted a randomised clinical test to find kids ‘s unwritten wellness related cognition, attitude and belief as forecasters of success in dental cavities control among 493 kids of 11-12 year of age in Finland. Data was based on clinical scrutiny of 2001, 2005 and questionnaire on 2005.Results revealed concern about acquiring decay in one ‘s dentition was associated with cavities increment. Less concerned kid was with new cavities lesion and pits. Children who knew whether their female parent had pits was more likely to command pits than who did non cognize.SECTION-D: REVIEWS RELATED TO HAND WASHSchmidt WP ; et Al ( 2009 ) conducted a cross sectional survey to study in 800 family in Kenya to research cultural restraints that limit better hygiene. A sum of 5182 critical chances for manus rinsing were observed.Results revealed that 25 % washed custodies with soap.32 % adept manus rinsing after faecal taint. There was strong association with media expos ure and hygiene publicity. Curtis VA ; et Al ( 2009 ) reviewed the consequences of formative research surveies from 11 states to understand actuating factors in manus washing.17 % of kid attention takers washed custodies with soap after the lavatory. Hand rinsing were non inculcated at an early age. Key motives for manus rinsing were disgust, raising, comfort and association. `Plans ‘ affecting manus rinsing included to better wellness to learn kids good manners. Lopez-Quientro degree Celsius ; et Al ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on manus rinsing behaviour and intercessions among school kids, Columbia. From 2042students of 6th to 8th class pupils in 25 schools 33.6 % of them ever washed, custodies with soap and clean H2O before feeding and after utilizing toilet.7 % of pupils reported regular entree to lather and clean H2O. Students with proper manus rinsing behaviour were less likely to describe old month GI symptoms. Izadi S ; et Al ( 2006 ) , conducted a survey to find epidemiological of cholera outbreak epidemiological of cholera eruption in Iran. In the instance control survey 90 instances were positive for vibrio cholera. Hazard factors cholera were no manus rinsing with soap after lavatory usage ( CI: 2.63 ) no manus rinsing with soap before repasts ( CI: 1.03 ) illiteracy ( CI: 2.63 ) . Development of primary wellness attention can better conditions that control spread of epidemic. Zerr DM ; et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a survey to measure the effectivity of manus hygiene in forestalling infirmary associated rotavirus infection in kids ‘s infirmary in USA. After the manus hygiene plan the overall manus hygiene conformity improved from 62 % to 81 % ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) . The rate of infirmary associated rota virus infection decreased from 5.9 episodes per 1000 discharged patients to 2.2 episodes ( p= 0.01 ) Yalasin SS ; et Al ( 2004 ) conducted a survey to measure how and when school pupils washed their custodies and to observe conditions affect manus rinsing with likert graduated table in Turkey. Out of 1074 pupils 42.4 % had proper basic manus wash. Female sex life at place, high cognition degree and urban school were associated with high proper basic manus wash. Lessons on manus lavation and catching disease should be given.SECTION-E: REVIEWS RELATED TO BATHINGMohammed AL ( 2010 ) conducted a cross sectional survey to measure the related factors of caput lice infestation in school kids at Jordan. Out of 394 schools 1550 kids were screened. 412 ( 26.6 % ) were infected with lice, consequence showed important confirmation in caput lice by factors such as frequence of hair rinsing per hebdomad, and bathing per hebdomad. Bettering personal hygiene might significantly cut down lousiness capitis in school kids at Jordan. Albashtawg M ; et Al ( 2010 ) conducted a cross sectional survey to measure the prevalence of lousiness capitis and hazard factors for infestation. Among 1550 primary school kids prevalence of lousiness capitis was 26.6 % . Frequency of hair lavation, bathing and sharing of articles were significantly associated with infestation ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) . Plans are needed to increase consciousness of lousiness capitis and importance of good personal hygiene. Egimol RI ; et Al ( 2008 ) conducted a survey to measure effects of intercessions to advance manus rinsing on diarrheal episodes in kids and grownups. Eight tests were establishment based, five were community based and one was in a high hazard group. Intervention advancing manus rinsing resulted in a 29 % decrease in diarrheal episodes in establishments in high income states and 31 % decrease in episodes in low or in-between income states. Hand rinsing can cut down diarrhea episode significantly. Wagbatsome VA ; et Al ( 2008 ) conducted a cross sectional descriptive survey to measure the consequence of hygienic patterns on enteric helminthes load of primary school kids in Nigeria. Out of 384 participants 77 ( 21.1 % ) of students were infected with one or more helminthes ova. students in public school were more septic 74 ( 30.8 % ) than those in private schools 5 ( 3.8 % ) . Regular manus rinsing with soap reduced the prevalence of heliminthiasis. Wahl E ; et Al ( 2007 ) studied the eruption of Giardia in Norway in 23 kid attention centres. Out of 12 verified instances 9 had clinical stomach flu. Stool samples were collected from all kids 44 % were infected. Washing custodies after lavatory and before nutrient were possibilities identified. Karim SA ; et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a community based survey among kids from 6 residential Islamic instruction institutes in Dhaka to measure the personal hygiene of kids among 492 kids. Among them 55.1 % of their male parents had low paid laboring occupations, 99 % of kids ‘s female parents were house married womans 98 % of kids had itchs. They had hapless personal hygiene: bathed infrequently. Disease badness and re-infections were associated with infrequent lavation of apparels, overcrowding, infrequent bathing ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) with soap ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) Immediate attending should be given to battle itchs and to salvage 1000s of kids from impending complications.SECTION-F: REVIEWS RELATED TO PERINEAL HYGIENEVivas AP ; et Al ( 2010 ) conducted a survey to measure the Knowledge, attitudes and patterns ( KAP ) of hygiene among school kids in Ethiopia, Among 669 pupils. Consequences showed Approximately 52 % of pupils were classified as holding equal cognition of proper hygiene. Most pupils reported manus rinsing before repasts ( 99.0 % ) , but merely 36.2 % reported utilizing soap. Although 76.7 % of pupils reported that rinsing custodies after laxation was of import, merely 14.8 % reported really following this pattern. Students with equal cognition of proper hygiene were more likely to hold clean apparels ( AOR 1.62, CI 1.14-2.29 ) and to hold a lower hazard of parasitic infectionMc mohan ; etal ( 2009 ) conducted a survey to measure anal cleaning patterns and fecal taint in schools in rural Kenya. Six focal point group treatments were held with male childs and misss ages 12-15 in three rural schools. Consequences revealed that Anal cleansing behavior is linked with entree to stuffs, age, societal force per unit area, perceived personal hazard of unwellness and emotional factors. Materials used for anal cleaning include schoolbook paper, leaves, grasses, rocks, corn cob and one ‘s ain custodies. Students have knowledge spreads in footings of perineal hygiene. Almost no schools budgeted for or provided anal cleaning stuffs on a regular basis.Betancour AB, Amel LA ( 2007 ) conducted a epidemiological study among 883 pupils from 5 to 6 old ages of simple instruction in Argentina to happen out the hazard factors for e-coli infections in school kids. Merely 30.2 % of pupils washed their custodies after traveling to the lavatory and merely 43.5 % reported manus rinsing before eating. Institutional model must supply necessary resource to implement alteration and stress the importance of personal hygiene.SECTION-G: REVIEWS RELATED TO EFFECTIVENESS OFEducational PROGRAM ON SELF CARE.Patel MK ; et Al ( 2012 ) conducted a survey to measure effectivity of intercession on hygiene patterns in rural Kenya, under Centre for Disease Control, baseline information from 42 schools were collected. Comparison of consequence of the betterment in proper manus rinsing technique after the school plan was introduced. Consequences revealed lessening in the average per centum of pupils of pupils with acute respiratory unwellness among those exposure to the plan on hygiene patterns. Lang MC ( 2012 ) conducted a survey to measure the evidence-based hygiene public wellness enterprise in simple schools of Ghana.All 4 take parting schools gained the necessary resources to transport out proper manus hygiene pattern. Furthermore students were more likely to rinse custodies after utilizing lavatories singular result is that school kids were the inductions of a behavior alteration in their community. Anderson ME, et Al ; ( 2012 ) conducted a survey to measure the effectivity of manus hygiene patterns and the impact of manus hygiene intercessions. Hand hygiene conformity was 58 % ( 340/583 ) .Verbal manus hygiene reminders had important positive association with manus hygiene conformity. Findingss suggest that active, instead than inactive intercessions are more effectual for increasing conformity. Schulte JM ; et Al ( 2012 ) presented the probe of eruption of gastro-intestinal unwellness in Texas 10 % of pupils in the school edifice were sick and 15 families had secondary instances. Installing liquid soap in pupils ‘ room was initial control step followed by sustained establishment in manus rinsing scheduled manus rinsing times and supervising cleansing processs. Enhanced surveillance detected no new instances in the school territory. Holyogke D ( 2010 ) provinces in his article â€Å" commanding hapless manus hygiene to better manus rinsing † on how a group of 3rd twelvemonth Child wellness nursing pupils at university of wolver Hampton examined the manner they perceived manus rinsing. During 3 twenty-four hours workshop pupils moved from sing manus rinsing as a simple act of hygiene to seeing it as a societal behaviour. Zacharia S ; et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a cross sectional survey in Kerala, India to measure sustainability of changed hygiene behaviour after hygiene publicity intercession in places. Good manus lavation was reported in more than half of intercession country. but & lt ; 10 % in control country. Participating in hygiene publicity categories were significantly associated with good hygiene. ( OR 2.04, CI 1.05-3.96 ) .Hygiene publicity is a cost effectual intercession.